Skip to main content
About HEC About HEC
Summer School Summer School
Faculty & Research Faculty & Research
Master’s programs Master’s programs
Bachelor Programs Bachelor Programs
MBA Programs MBA Programs
PhD Program PhD Program
Executive Education Executive Education
HEC Online HEC Online
About HEC
Overview Overview
Who
We Are
Who
We Are
Égalité des chances Égalité des chances
HEC Talents HEC Talents
International International
Sustainability Sustainability
Diversity
& Inclusion
Diversity
& Inclusion
The HEC
Foundation
The HEC
Foundation
Campus life Campus life
Activity Reports Activity Reports
Summer School
Youth Programs Youth Programs
Summer programs Summer programs
Online Programs Online Programs
Faculty & Research
Overview Overview
Faculty Directory Faculty Directory
Departments Departments
Centers Centers
Chairs Chairs
Grants Grants
Knowledge@HEC Knowledge@HEC
Master’s programs
Master in
Management
Master in
Management
Master's
Programs
Master's
Programs
Double Degree
Programs
Double Degree
Programs
Bachelor
Programs
Bachelor
Programs
Summer
Programs
Summer
Programs
Exchange
students
Exchange
students
Student
Life
Student
Life
Our
Difference
Our
Difference
Bachelor Programs
Overview Overview
Course content Course content
Admissions Admissions
Fees and Financing Fees and Financing
MBA Programs
MBA MBA
Executive MBA Executive MBA
TRIUM EMBA TRIUM EMBA
PhD Program
Overview Overview
HEC Difference HEC Difference
Program details Program details
Research areas Research areas
HEC Community HEC Community
Placement Placement
Job Market Job Market
Admissions Admissions
Financing Financing
FAQ FAQ
Executive Education
Home Home
About us About us
Management topics Management topics
Open Programs Open Programs
Custom Programs Custom Programs
Events/News Events/News
Contacts Contacts
HEC Online
Overview Overview
Executive programs Executive programs
MOOCs MOOCs
Summer Programs Summer Programs
Youth programs Youth programs
Article

How Much Control Do You Really Have Over Your Career?

Human Resources
Published on:

For many of us, it is a given that if we work hard, make valuable contributions, and cultivate the right professional connections, our careers will progress. After all, nepotism aside, work is basically a meritocracy, isn’t it? Well, perhaps not fully, say Roxana Barbulescu, professor of Management and Human Resources at HEC Paris, and her co-authors Claudia Jonczyk of the University of Neuchâtel, and Charles Galunic and Ben Bensaou of INSEAD.

Three key findings:

  • Even in up-or-out career environments like professional services firms, and evaluations and promotions, chance events play a substantial role in shaping individuals' careers.
  • Employees tend to interpret chance events differently, leading to varied career attitudes and plans.
  • By identifying and addressing disparities in resource allocation, client visibility, and mentorship opportunities, leaders can enhance employees' sense of recognition and hopefulness about their career advancement within the organization.
man_disappointed_at_work_cover

Copyright: Elnur

Even the savviest employees, adept office politicians, and those with the most talent and potential can have their career paths limited by everyday chance events. If you find yourself repeatedly working in teams that do not leverage your best skills, on or projects that are not prioritized by your employer, the incremental effects could lead to stalling and detours on the path to career advancement.

Traditionally, career research rested on the assumption that employees have a high degree of agency in their careers and can make their way in the professional world through their personal competencies, natural abilities and the resources available to them. Recognizing that there is less control than we thought may be disconcerting, but it can also point the way towards management structures that make better use of a company’s talent.

Orderly organizations, unpredictable events

We wanted to explore the role of chance in shaping people’s careers. We focused on professional services firms – law, consultancy and accountancy – which typically feature a traditional hierarchy of job roles. These industries have ‘up-or-out’ career paths, where individuals are expected to either climb the ranks according to a given timescale or leave their firm. 

This structure contrasts with the more recently established trend for more flexible, flat-structured companies, which allow for plenty of lateral movement between roles and high levels of employee agency.

 

We were surprised to learn that luck plays as much of a career-shaping role in traditional up-or-out firms as it does in flat structures.

 

We were surprised to learn that luck plays as much of a career-shaping role in traditional up-or-out firms as it does in flat structures. A large proportion of employees reported that chance had played an important role in their careers. This happened in parallel to formal frameworks of evaluation and promotion, which might seem likely to promote a meritocracy.

Minor and major chance events

There is an important distinction between major seismic events that will affect a career, such as a client firm’s bankruptcy, and proximate chance events – everyday unpredictabilities that contribute to uncertainty and insecurity for employees. A reshuffle of teams, arrival or departure of a mentor, or a change in client contact personnel would fall into the latter category. We know that these events happen, but we may seriously underestimate their impact over the course of a professional lifetime.

Being visible and making connections

Relationships are hugely important in all spheres of life, not least at work. Chance events that affect professional relationships are some of the most impactful. 

Good luck can place an employee in contact with reputed senior partners or clients who share their specialism and happen to have urgent needs. Not only can these people recognize an employee’s merit, they can also extend offers to work on projects together, and recommend them to others. This can raise the employee’s profile, give them more career support and in turn, increase their chances of promotion.

In contrast, bad luck can result in an employee being repeatedly assigned to projects of lower importance to the firm, or in large teams with limited room for personal initiative. Without interventions from senior leaders that shift direction, these events can limit exposure and learning and, over time, decrease an employee’s chances of advancement. 

Making sense of chance

While all employees are equally subject to chance, their personal interpretation of events can lead to major behavioral and attitudinal differences. Most tellingly, it affects their future plans and whether or not they intend to stay with their employer. In total, more than 50% of the employees interviewed were either planning to leave or leaning in that direction.

 

While all employees are equally subject to chance, their personal interpretation of events can lead to major behavioral and attitudinal differences.

 

Our research revealed that employees tend to fall into one of four groups, depending on what sense they have made of their chance experiences to date.

•    Partner-track

These ‘lucky’ employees have the confidence to continue in their role, expecting to ascend the hierarchy. They are clear about how to progress and are getting the feedback they need. If merit were as powerful as is traditionally believed, you might expect these to be a strong majority. In fact, they are around 41% of the employees studied.

•    Client-track

These employees plan to move over to the client side, and are collecting the skills and connections they need to do so. Like the partner-track employees, their interpretation of chance events has been more positive than negative, although perhaps not to the same extent. They feel confident about succeeding as client-side professionals. 21% of the interviewees were client-track.

•    Wait-and-see

Unsure of what’s next, these employees are continuing until they have more clarity. They have experienced both negative and positive chance events and are not yet able to interpret them into an overall picture. 21% of interviewees fell into this category.

•    Running out the clock

These employees aren’t sure what the future holds. However, they are sure they’re not staying with their current employer. They have interpreted their chance experiences negatively and don’t feel hopeful about things changing for the better. They represent 16% of the interviewees.

It’s important to note that an employee’s interpretation of chance events is cumulative and ongoing, rather than fixed. It may be more difficult for long-serving employees to change beliefs that have developed over a long period of time, whereas early-career professionals are more likely to be able to change their assessments as experience accrues.

Can employers stop talent heading for the exit?

Given that all the interviewees had been with their firms for several years and had been promoted at least once, it’s reasonable to say that they are competent and valuable employees. Yet more than half are at risk of leaving. At a time when employee retention is a huge priority for employers, this major source of attrition risk should not be ignored.

 

Talented employees who are currently under the radar may be more likely to stay with their firms if leaders intervene.

 

But what can employers do? We know that chance events happen, and that employees are wary that events over which they have little control can derail their hard work. What may be missing is senior leadership’s understanding of this phenomenon, and how precarious it makes employees feel. 

Applications

Talented employees who are currently under the radar may be more likely to stay with their firms if leaders intervene. To do so, leaders must look more closely, not just rewarding and promoting the employees excelling in plain sight but seeking out the ones who have demonstrated good work but may have faced less fortuitous circumstances, from project and resource allocation to client visibility and senior mentorship availability. Whether the strategy involves coaching, changing an unsuitable allocation of clients, or opening the door to increasingly diverse mentorship, must depend on the business. Although some discouraged employees may have already made up their minds to leave, employers still have a chance to make the undecided feel more recognized, valued and hopeful about their promotional prospects, whatever luck has in store.   

Methodology

We collected data from 68 professionals from three large firms with up-or-out hierarchies, in the US and Europe. All interviewees were pre-partner level and had been with their current employer for about five years. All had been promoted to project manager or associate about 18 months prior and were around half-way to the ‘up-or-out’ decision point.
Based on an interview with Professor Roxana Barbulescu on her paper “Management of fortuity: Workplace chance events and the career projections of up-or-out professionals”, co-written with Claudia Jonczyk of the University of Neuchâtel, and Charles Galunic and Ben Bensaou of INSEAD, published in the Journal of Vocational Behavior, December 2022.

Related content on Human Resources