Skip to main content
About HEC About HEC
Summer School Summer School
Faculty & Research Faculty & Research
Master’s programs Master’s programs
Bachelor Programs Bachelor Programs
MBA Programs MBA Programs
PhD Program PhD Program
Executive Education Executive Education
HEC Online HEC Online
About HEC
Overview Overview
Who
We Are
Who
We Are
Egalité des chances Egalité des chances
HEC Talents HEC Talents
International International
Sustainability Sustainability
Diversity
& Inclusion
Diversity
& Inclusion
The HEC
Foundation
The HEC
Foundation
Campus life Campus life
Activity Reports Activity Reports
Summer School
Youth Programs Youth Programs
Summer programs Summer programs
Online Programs Online Programs
Faculty & Research
Overview Overview
Faculty Directory Faculty Directory
Departments Departments
Centers Centers
Chairs Chairs
Grants Grants
Knowledge@HEC Knowledge@HEC
Master’s programs
Master in
Management
Master in
Management
Master's
Programs
Master's
Programs
Double Degree
Programs
Double Degree
Programs
Bachelor
Programs
Bachelor
Programs
Summer
Programs
Summer
Programs
Exchange
students
Exchange
students
Student
Life
Student
Life
Our
Difference
Our
Difference
Bachelor Programs
Overview Overview
Course content Course content
Admissions Admissions
Fees and Financing Fees and Financing
MBA Programs
MBA MBA
Executive MBA Executive MBA
TRIUM EMBA TRIUM EMBA
PhD Program
Overview Overview
HEC Difference HEC Difference
Program details Program details
Research areas Research areas
HEC Community HEC Community
Placement Placement
Job Market Job Market
Admissions Admissions
Financing Financing
FAQ FAQ
Executive Education
Home Home
About us About us
Management topics Management topics
Open Programs Open Programs
Custom Programs Custom Programs
Events/News Events/News
Contacts Contacts
HEC Online
Overview Overview
Executive programs Executive programs
MOOCs MOOCs
Summer Programs Summer Programs
Youth programs Youth programs
Instant

Actual Trust in Virtual Worlds: Opportunities and Challenges for Companies Operating in the Metaverse

Technology and Innovation
Published on:

We Zoom, we email, we chat in Teams… a host of online tools and apps help us connect with colleagues and customers, wherever they are in the world. Exciting new opportunities for collaboration come in the form of immersive and fully configurable virtual worlds. But first, can we find ways of tackling the uncertainties and distrust people harbor about these online environments?

Metaverse at the workplace - cover

Photo Credits: G. Lombardo on Adobe Stock

The success of the Second Life game

In 2004, Ailin Graef’s avatar, Anshe Chung, started selling custom animations in the popular virtual world Second Life. She used those profits to buy and develop virtual land and then rent out properties to other users, then converted the virtual currency to “real-life” cash, eventually becoming the virtual world’s first real-life millionaire.

In virtual worlds such as Second Life, you get married, go to work, travel, and use virtual currency to buy anything from new clothes to a yacht. And as Ailin/Anshe showed, you can use it to make profit. 

Big plans for collaborations online

In a decade or less, virtual worlds may be going mainstream. Last year, Meta (formerly Facebook) announced their serious intention to develop the ‘metaverse’ by recruiting 10,000 virtual world developers from across the European Union. The company is experimenting with a virtual reality meetings app called Workplace, and a social space called Horizons, both of which use their virtual avatar systems.

Supporters of virtual worlds say such platforms have the potential to transform the global collaboration landscape by enabling real-time, media-rich interactions at a significantly lower cost than other means. In the early-2000s, major firms including IBM, Cisco, and Accenture experimented with using virtual worlds for a range of activities, from global meetings, seminars, and training to recruitment drives and even social events. Yet 9 in 10 of these experiments failed and more generally, the use of virtual worlds remains limited.

So, what is holding companies back from engaging with virtual worlds?

Barriers to trust-building in virtual worlds

Research conducted by other groups suggests that employee reluctance has held back the use of virtual worlds at work. It seems that this reluctance to use such emerging platforms may stem from user uncertainties about what they should do, how they need to behave, and what they should expect from the virtual world. In short, users struggle to trust the platform and the process of using it. And without trust, collaboration is impossible. 

Uncertainty reduction theory tells us that when individuals encounter new situations, their primary focus is on reducing the associated uncertainties. In virtual worlds, there are multiple uncertainties surrounding identity, authentication, and security, because users interact through computer-generated personas or avatars that can be anonymous or conceal information.

 

Companies keen to use virtual worlds as a workspace or commerce platform need to understand the barriers within their organization, to foster trust by incorporating greater social presence.

 

A positive thing about virtual worlds is that they can unite people from diverse backgrounds, but this inevitably creates the potential for conflict. Resolving conflict – and the uncertainties it causes – is challenging and mediating these online can be difficult.

The other challenge is that virtual worlds were designed as recreational gaming environments, where uncertainty was not much of a concern. We must remember that virtual worlds were not purpose-built for organizational tasks, and this may shape some peoples’ attitudes towards them.

From e-commerce emojis to emotions online

We set out to enrich an existing theory of online trust-building (the online institutional trust model by McKnight et al., 2002) incorporating the novel element of socialness in virtual worlds, the degree of its presence.

The introduction of virtual worlds marked a significant difference from websites and traditional e-commerce. Virtual worlds are richer and confer a sense of shared space. They offer users the ability to be ‘socially present’ and display their behaviors, facial expressions, and emotions through their avatars, in addition to verbal and textual communication.

As our research shows, this so-called social presence is of vital importance to trust in and use virtual worlds. Imagine you step into a virtual world and consider buying a software product. Because you are immersed in that platform, you are not only influenced by the products you are shown, but also by the people who appear around you. Can they be trusted?

Extending the online trust model  

We thought that the increased social presence available in virtual worlds could help build user trust, so we have incorporated this element into our online trust model.

The original online trust model shows that trust-building came from two elements:
•    situational normality (the belief that the online interactional environment is normal and favorable for successful dealings with other users),
•    structural assurance (the presence of protective structures such as guarantees, regulations, safety nets, promises, and operational procedures).

We found that in virtual worlds, higher levels of social presence actually contribute to greater situational normality. Hence, the higher the social presence, the greater the user trust and therefore the likelihood that people will use the platform. 

 

In virtual worlds, the higher the social presence, the greater the user trust and therefore the likelihood that people will use the platform. 

 

Eighty-five percent of the people we surveyed were positive about using virtual worlds as workspace collaboration tools. One remarked: “Virtual worlds bring many new possibilities for collaboration, especially for workshops and staff education, conferences, and seminars. For large companies with many overseas branches, it eventually will become a unique platform for communication between colleagues who work in distant places... You can make presentations, organize meetings, use the audio-visual possibilities of the virtual worlds, and bring together teams from New York, London, and Buenos Aires, without losing time for extensive meetings.”

Conversely, we found that higher levels of social presence reduce the link between structural assurance and user trust, as social presence acts as a substitute for structural assurance.

Growing social presence and building trustworthy structures

In support of the power of social presence to build trust, one of our interviewees said: “The notion of others being socially present adds immeasurably to building trust in a relationship. Avatars that are humanoid perhaps help some individuals feel the virtual world is more normal. The presence of avatars definitely increases sense of normalcy. It may increase sense of trustworthiness for some individuals that base trust upon appearance.”

Another interviewee commented: “Virtual worlds help me develop a real relationship with a person. In virtual worlds, we have more opportunities to express ourselves than in other forms of nonphysical communication, through speaking and typed chat. It is also a safe environment, physically and emotionally, especially in worlds where we can choose to be anonymous. All these factors lead to personal safety which adds to build trust in a relationship.”

Our research shows that companies interested in utilizing virtual worlds should seek to build social presence to increase user trust and encourage the use of the platform. This builds upon research we describe in a 2012 paper, which found that cognitive absorbance – the state of users getting deeply involved in a scenario, perhaps through game-playing activities – is another way of increasing user trust in a virtual world and their intent to use it for workplace collaboration.

Finally, our work also demonstrates the need to look carefully at how they can offer more reassurance in terms of the platform’s structure. This could come in the form of clear regulations and assurances on data protection.

Applications

Our results suggest that companies keen to use virtual worlds as a workspace or commerce platform need to first understand the barriers within their organization. For example, there may be a lack of willingness to engage with a virtual world platform, a steep learning curve for many employees, and a need for clear regulations and terms of use. Also, companies should foster trust by using features that support and extend social presence. This method of building trust also extends to other communication tools, and businesspeople could build trust with customers and colleagues by finding novel ways of incorporating greater social presence into emails and online chats.

Methodology

We set out to develop a theory on whether the unique “social presence” (an enhanced sense of close social interaction) offered by virtual worlds fosters the trust of individual users and institutions by reducing their uncertainties. We surveyed 197 university students who use virtual worlds and interviewed 29 active Second Life members who do work-related activities through the platform.
Based on an interview with Professor Shirish C. Srivastava on his paper, “Social Presence in Virtual World Collaboration: An Uncertainty Reduction Perspective Using a Mixed Methods Approach,” co-written with Shalini Chandra, published in MIS Quarterly, September 2018.

Related content on Technology and Innovation

stock market vignette
Finance

Future of Finance: How Are New Technologies Reshaping the Sector?

By Thierry Foucault

Technology and Innovation

When Design Thinking Clashes With the Existing Business Culture

By Sihem Ben Mahmoud-Jouini

pharma - vignette
Operations Management

Manufacturing Innovation Drives Pharma Sales

By Dimitrios Andritsos

Strategy

How Tech Firms Influence the US Supreme Court to Shape Innovation Policies

By Elie Sung

Subscribe button for Knowledhe@HEC newsletter

Newsletter knowledge

A monthly brief in your email box and 3 issues of the book per year.

follow us

Insights @HECParis School of #Management

Follow Us

Support Research

Our articles are produced thanks to our reader's support